Theology for the Masses

I’m a member of a local community of Christians who reject eschatologies that posit a rapture, an antichrist, all that jazz.  We read the Apocalypse of John along with other ancient Christian, Jewish, and Roman apocalypses and find that it points to a veiled (read: symbolic) critique of the Roman empire and about the Christian’s place in that context. [1]

We see one full and final 2nd coming of Jesus, no half-coming where the good are raptured.   [2]

We perceive ourselves as a minority in the larger local church, Columbia, Missouri, and Midwestern Christian Communities.  Also, many of us personally used to buy into a rapture view, myself included. 

I bring all of this background information up because I see a disturbing trend in my community and I am not sure how exactly to constructively confront it.  We have a tendency to belittle Christians who stand within a raptural pale with a disturbing frequency.  And our group disdain is not limited to those that differ from us in terms of eschatology.  Among others, we belittle those who think violence can be justified, those who think that the republicans are a good voting option, and those that hold the myths in the Old Testament as literal history. 

We are not merely stating our disagreement.  With our internal rhetoric, we bemoan their ignorance, laugh at their theologies, and demean and ridicule behind their backs. [3] You see, we consider ourselves holders of the secret flame, as wise women in the midst of fools.  That is how we carry ourselves.  And that is wrong of us to do.

I am sure some of this comes from coping methods.  Some of us feel as though we have awoken from a lie (or series of lies) and we therefore project our feelings of past foolishness onto those similar to our past selves.  Additionally, since we perceive ourselves as a minority, our actions function as defense mechanisms. However, this is not a good way to deal with either our past theologies nor our perceived minority position.

What we need is a helpful and constructive way to engage these Christian others. Now, I agree completely that our interpretations are better interpretations. [4]   What we need to avoid is criticizing the people instead of their viewpoints. Also, we need to remember that these viewpoints help create and maintain our sisters’ and brothers’ identity. When we flippantly disregard their viewpoints, we are flippantly disregarding their identity.

What we need to do is to engage and dialogue with the Christian other instead of demonizing them. They have good reasons for thinking what they think, whether it be past experiences or past interpretive histories, etcetera.

I don’t know how to do that effectively nor how to help my community to do the same. Any suggestions? [5]

1. See the following:

   · Borgen, Peder. “Moses, Jesus, and the Roman Emperor Observations in Philo’s Writings and the Revelation of John.” Novum Testamentum 38, no. 2 (April 1996): 145-159.

   · Callahan, Allen Dwight. “The Language of Apocalypse.” The Harvard Theological Review 88, no. 4 (October 1995): 453-470.

   · Clemen, Lic. Carl. “The Jewish Apocalypses.” The Biblical World 34, no. 1 (July 1909): 33-44.

   · Frankfurter, David. “Apocalypses Real and Alleged in the Mani Codex.” Numen 44, no. 1 (January 1997): 60-73.

   · Maier, Harry O. “Staging the Gaze: Early Christian Apocalypses and Narrative Self-Representation.” The Harvard Theological Review 90, no. 2 (April 1997): 131-154.

   · Porter, Frank C. “The Place of Apocalyptical Conceptions in the Thought of Paul.” Journal of Biblical Literature 41, no. 1/2 (1922): 183-204.

   · Shodde, George H. “The Jewish Apocalypses.” The Biblical World 6, no. 2 (August 1895): 97-104.

   · Smith, Marian W. “The Apocalypse of John.” College Art Journal 9, no. 3 (Spring 1950): 295-307.

   · Votaw, Clyde Weber. “The Apocalypse of John: I. Jewish Apocalyptic Literature.” The Biblical World 31, no. 1 (January 1908): 32-40. [↩]

2. For instance, we explain two classical rapture passages, 1Thess 4:15-17 and Matthew 24:32-44, as follows. 

   · 1Thess: When a king would come into one of his cities in ancient times, he would ride up and stop just outside.  Then the leaders of the city would come out to greet him and then they would all go into the city together.  The King was always escorted into a city.  This is the imagery the readers would have recognized and we should pattern our interpretation of the text after. 

   · Matthew:  Notice a) the reference to the Flood and b) who is taken and who is left.  Who was taken away in the flood of Noah?  The unfaithful.  If it is to be the same as then, then those left behind when the son of man returns will be the righteous instead of them being raptured away!  This also fits well with Jesus’ imagery of the weeds being thrown into the fire and the wheat being left. [↩]

3. I am not just pointing the finger at everyone else in my community.  I am sometimes an active participant in this. [↩]
4. or I would hold other ones [↩]
5. If you are a part of my community, let me know if you think I am being fair here or not. This is how I perceive things currently. I am not trying to attack any one person. I just want us to grow ourselves and the Kingdom of God. [↩]

In my previous post I introduced us to the Acts of Thecla and suggested that it played a powerful role in early popular Christian thought.  Next, I wanna talk about the devotion that sprang up around this figure.  Today, we will talk a bit about the material culture that we have from the Thecla devotion and its geographical location and finally, the literary words associated with the cult.

Before we get into this, I wanna take a few minutes and talk about the terms “popular religion” and “cult.”  Given the problems we have had over other technical terms such as myth, a brief discussion here will be helpful. 

Roundel: Saint Thecla with wild beasts. From Egypt. From Women of Byzantium By Carolyn Loessel Connor. Page 9

The term “popular religion” refers to the practices, structures and beliefs that the common people have.  This is usually contrasted with the official religion of a group, which refers to the beliefs, practices and structures (hereafter: religion) that those in charge of the group hold.  To use a present day example, the official religion of a Southern Baptist church would consist of the religion that the head pastor and board of deacons and elders publicly endorse.  The popular level would refer to the religion that is actually being practiced by the laypeople.  For example, when I was a member of the Crossing in Columbia, [1] the leadership of a church were strong advocates of calvinism, but in their membership class, they admitted that the majority of the members were not calvinists.  Here is the messy part: what constitutes the official religion of a group?  Can’t we contrast the top-level endorsed religion of the Southern Baptist convention with the religion endorsed by the leadership of the/a member congregation(s)?  You absolutely can; the popular/official distinction applies to any two elements which have an authoritative/subordinate relationship.  This speaks to the need for context and subtlety when studying a religious phenomena.  Here, when we are talking about the popular Christian religion, I am contrasting the popular level of cults and their devotees with the official religion which consisted of the religion of the early church fathers.  You could contrast the official religion of the cults with the religion of the devotees, but that is not what I am looking at today.

Ampulla with Saint Thecla between beasts.  From Egypt. From Women of Byzantium By Carolyn Loessel Connor. Page 10.

Now lets turn to the term “cult.”  In popular culture, and in some religious academic contexts, the term “cult” refers to any group [2] that has a set of belies, practices, and structures that the official culture [3] rejects wholesale.  For example, take the Branch Davidians, the Peoples Temple, and (for the majority of Americans throughout history) Mormonism.  However, in the academic study of religion and antiquity, a cult is something much different.  It refers to an established organization with the duty of running the a religious site, usually a temple.  Thus, when we talk about the “Temple cult” in Jerusalem, we are not talking about those “damn dirty Jews and their false beliefs.”  I am doing nothing of the sort!  Instead, we are only referring to the structures, practices, and personnel employed at this religious site.  Therefore, when I talk about the Thecla cult, I am only referring to shrine and church, the people associated with these places, and the rituals and practices that these people employed.

She is mentioned by authors and shows up in material culture in Asia Minor, Armenia, Cyprus, North Africa, Gaul, Germany, Italy, Palestine, and Egypt. [4]   Among the material culture that references Thecla are oil lamps, combs, flasks, wall paintings, shrines, and limestone graves. [5] These materials date from the fourth to the seventh centuries CE. Due to the favorable environmental conditions, most of the material evidence comes from Egypt; however, there are remnants of this material culture from all over the Roman Empire, such as a fourth century gold flask bearing her image in Germany and wall carvings in Armenia. [6]   This abundance of material culture shows the widespread popular influence of Thecla.  People came from all over the Roman empire to visit her shrine.  The Thecla cult and the values behind it was a powerful early influence in the first few centuries of Christianity.

The cult was centered at Seleucia in Asia Minor. It is here where her great shrine, Hagia Thekla, was located. [7] Two locations of the shrine have been located, and the site has an interesting history that includes the lives of Roman emperors. Most of the manuscript traditions can be traced back to this area. Two important ones in addition to the Acts of Thecla are the Life and Miracles of St. Thecla  ((Hereafter the Life and Miracles of St. Thecla will be referred to as Life and Miracles. When referring to the first section of the work, I will use the title Life, and Miracles when referring to the second part.)) and an extended version of the Acts of Thecla-Seleucia. The Life and Miracles of St. Thecla is a two part work that contains a paraphrase of the Acts of Thecla and a listing of forty-six of her purported miracles which was written in the 450’s CE. [8] The Acts of Thecla-Seleucia is an extended version of the Acts of Thecla that details her life after arriving at Seleucia that serves to provide an aetiological explanation for the shifting location of the Hagia Thekla shrine. [9] While a great deal of space could be consumed cataloging and discussing the multitude of manifestations of the Thecla cult in the Roman Empire, we will focus on the Seleucia cult. In examining this manifestation of the Thecla cult, we will be able to get a glimpse of why the cult was so popular in Roman Empire.  We will look at this issue in the next post.

1. which is not a Southern Baptist Church, but is of the reformed tradition [↩]
2. Here I am talking about religious groups [↩]
3. or the culture of the group that is using the term [↩]
4. Ibid. see chapters 3 and 6. [↩]
5. Ibid., 150. [↩]
6. Ibid., 85. [↩]
7. Dennis Ronald MacDonald, The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1983), 91. [↩]
8. The author mentions the death of prominent priest named Serverus who died in 444 CE and presupposes a local living bishop named John who died in 448CE. Davis, The Cult of St. Thecla: An Introduction to Women’s Piety in Late Antiquity, 41. [↩]
9. Ibid., 45. [↩]